2015年3月13日星期五

Hypercholesterolemia/胆固醇过高/Hiperkolesterolemia

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Hypercholesterolemia (also spelled hypercholesterolaemia also called dyslipidemia) is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood.It is a form of "hyperlipidemia" (elevated levels of lipids in the blood) and "hyperlipoproteinemia" (elevated levels of lipoproteins in the blood).

Cholesterol is a sterol; see the diagrammatic structure at the right. It is one of three major classes of lipids which all animal cells utilize to construct their membranes and is thus manufactured by all animal cells. Plant cells do not manufacture cholesterol. It is also the precursor of the steroid hormones, bile acids and vitamin D.

Since cholesterol is insoluble in water, it is transported in the blood plasma within protein particles (lipoproteins). Lipoproteins are classified by their density: very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL).[2] All the lipoproteins carry cholesterol, but elevated levels of the lipoproteins other than HDL (termed non-HDL cholesterol), particularly LDL-cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. In contrast, higher levels of HDL cholesterol are protective. Elevated levels of non-HDL cholesterol and LDL in the blood may be a consequence of diet, obesity, inherited (genetic) diseases (such as LDL receptor mutations in familial hypercholesterolemia), or the presence of other diseases such as diabetes and an underactive thyroid.

胆固醇过高或过低都会造成健康风险;总胆固醇最佳值是在130mg/dL~200mg/dL之间,此时拥有最低的健康风险;低于130mg/dL就需要检查是否有重病或营养不良、也会增加出血性中风、忧郁等疾病风险,超过240mg/dL也不健康。

吃下肚的脂质进入十二指肠后,会由叫做胰脂酶的酵素部分分解,释出其中的脂肪酸,由肝脏合成成为胆固醇。

胆固醇通常能在肝脏与细胞来去,并在必须时经由肝脏转换成脂蛋白供人体使用;胆固醇不溶于水,与低密度脂蛋白及高密度脂蛋白结合,随血液运行。如果低密度脂蛋白比高密度脂蛋白多出太多,在血液中运行的胆固醇就会多于细胞所需的量,这时过剩的胆固醇会积聚在血管壁上。这个过程叫做动脉粥样硬化,会导致心脏病。但当胆固醇凝结在血管壁上将阻碍血流,严重时形成血栓,可能并发心血管疾病,如高血压、中风。

胆固醇若过低,则容易造成出血型中风、忧郁等疾病;不然就是癌症等重病造成的;不过多数健康人不用担心饮食会造成此风险,只有纯素者会有因为饮食而造成胆固醇过低的风险,饮食中只要有少量的鸡蛋、牛奶、鱼肉或其他动物性食品,大多不会造成胆固醇过低。

需要担心胆固醇过高的人远比胆固醇过低的人多,要避免胆固醇过高,注意食物胆固醇含量几乎无效,这是因为身体合成的胆固醇远大于食物摄取的胆固醇,而饱和脂肪、反式脂肪及自由基会刺激身体合成胆固醇、最新研究显示红肉的瘦肉部分也会增加胆固醇合成。

"Hiperkolesterolemia" adalah adanya tingkat tinggi kolesterol dalam darah.dalam bentuk "hiperlipidemia" (peningkatan kadar lipid dalam darah) dan atau "hiperlipoproteinemia" (peningkatan kadar lipoprotein dalam darah).

Kolesterol adalah sterol, lihat struktur diagram di sebelah kanan. Ini adalah salah satu dari tiga kelompok utama lipid yang semua sel hewan guna membangun membran sel hewan dan diproduksi oleh semua sel-sel hewan. Sel tumbuhan tidak memproduksi kolesterol. Ini juga merupakan prekursor dari hormon steroid, asam empedu dan vitamin D.

Karena kolesterol tidak larut dalam air, diangkut dalam plasma darah dalam partikel protein (lipoprotein). Lipoprotein diklasifikasikan berdasarkan kepadatan mereka: lipoprotein kepadatan sangat rendah (VLDL), lipoprotein kepadatan menengah (IDL), lipoprotein kepadatan rendah (LDL) dan lipoprotein kepadatan tinggi (HDL).